Contents 1 What is logic? 5 1.1 Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2 Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.3 Two ways that arguments can go wrong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.4 Deductive validity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.5 Other logical notions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.6 Formal languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Practice Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2 Sentential logic 17 2.1 Sentence letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.2 Connectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.3 Other symbolization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.4 Sentences of SL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Practice Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3 Truth tables 37 3.1 Truth-functional connectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.2 Complete truth tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.3 Using truth tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.4 Partial truth tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Practice Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 4 Quanti ed logic 48 4.1 From sentences to predicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 4.2 Building blocks of QL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 4.3 Quanti ers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4.4 Translating to QL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.5 Sentences of QL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4.6 Identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Practice Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5 Formal semantics 83 5.1 Semantics for SL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 3 4 CONTENTS 5.2 Interpretations and models in QL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 5.3 Semantics for identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 5.4 Working with models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 5.5 Truth in QL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Practice Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 6 Proofs 107 6.1 Basic rules for SL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 6.2 Derived rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 6.3 Rules of replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 6.4 Rules for quanti ers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 6.5 Rules for identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 6.6 Proof strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 6.7 Proof-theoretic concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 6.8 Proofs and models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 6.9 Soundness and completeness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Practice Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 A Other symbolic notation 140 B Solutions to selected exercises 143
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