Introduction
For decades, solar power is only identified as the conversion of energy from the sun’s light to electricity. While this is an accurate definition, most people do not know that the energy harvested must first be converted to electrical energy to be able to produce generally functional electricity. The conversion is made possible through the photovoltaic or PV, a method that uses semiconductors to convert the sun’s radiation to electrical energy.
Components of a Simple Solar Power System
Solar or photovoltaic cells
The assembly of semiconductors and electronics or solar cells is enclosed in a photovoltaic module, more commonly known as a solar panel. Several solar panels are called solar panel array.
Battery
A solar panel collects and generates energy from the sun’s radiation. PV panels convert this energy to direct current electricity, a current that is produced by batteries. Although connecting a DC load directly to the solar panel is possible, batteries play an important role to a properly working photovoltaic system.
The battery stores energy generated by the PV panels
It stores excess energy that exceeds that of what the load requires
The battery serves as a back-up energy source when there is no supply from the PV system
During the whole process, the battery experiences a cyclical process of charging and discharging. When it stores harvested and excess energy, the battery is charged. When the load consumes electricity, the battery is discharged. During the day, the cycle is continuous especially if the solar panels are not generating sufficient electricity for the load. As the day ends, the battery experiences continuous discharge, depending on the load and the availability of stored energy.
Regulator
A regulator is optional yet a vital equipment in a photovoltaic system. During the cyclic process, the battery is likely to become overcharged or over-discharge, a situation that shortens the batteries’ lifespan. A regulator prevents such situations from happening by regulating the batteries’ condition. It maintains a stage of charge where it monitors when the battery will be overly charge or discharge. In general, a regulator keeps the batteries in the most appropriate working conditions.
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